Jumat, 29 April 2011

Tugas 3 Bahasa Inggris (softskill)

  • PASSIVE VOICE

Di bawah ini merupakan artikel yang mengandung kalimat Passive Voice:

FRANKFURT, Germany (AFP) - Hamburg striker Paolo Guerrero has been banned for five matches for throwing a bottle at a fan after his side's goalless draw with Hanover last weekend, the German football federation (DFB) said on Thursday.
The sanction means that the season is over for Guerrero, who had just returned from a serious knee injury, and he may not play in the Bundesliga again with his contract set to expire at the end of May.
The Peruvian reacted angrily after being verbally abused at the entrance to the tunnel as he left the field.
He threw a plastic bottle at a fan, striking him in the face, and has already been punished by his club with a substantial fine.
The 26-year-old has been ordered to pay 20,000 euros by the DFB.

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

SUMBER:

Tugas 2 Bahasa Inggris (softskill)

  • CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Dibawah ini adalah artikel yang mengandung kalimat Conditional Sentences:

UN: Global life expectancy up sharply since 1950
The Associated Press , United Nations | Sat, 04/10/2010 7:49 AM | World
Global life expectancy has increased sharply from 47 years in 1950-55 to 68 years in 2005-2010, the U.N. said in a report Friday.

The report by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said people are living longer mainly because of improvements in nutrition and hygiene, and advances in vaccines and medical treatments against infectious and parasitic diseases that are "communicable."

With the decline in mortality more pronounced at younger ages, deaths have become increasingly concentrated at older ages when people are more likely to develop "non-communicable" chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart and respiratory problems, the report said.

Globally, it said, the proportion of deaths at age 60 or over has risen from 26 percent in 1950-55 to 54 percent in 2005-2010.

According to the report, the shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases as the main cause of deaths has occurred in all regions of the world except sub-Saharan Africa, where the HIV/AIDS epidemic is widespread and infectious and parasitic diseases still claim many lives.

If mortality continues to decline worldwide, the report said, the burden from non-communicable diseases will become even greater.

Because most of these diseases are chronic and require long-term treatment and management, it recommends that efforts be concentrated in delaying the onset of illness.

The report said governments can do this by taking measures to reduce the risk factors associated with chronic diseases such as overweight, physical inactivity, tobacco use and alcohol abuse.

It also calls for governments to address the global shortage of health workers, especially in developing countries.

The report will be discussed at a meeting of the U.N. Commission on Population and Development from April 12-16 at U.N. headquarters.

Catatan : kata yang mengandung conditional sentences (if clause) ditandai dengan huruf tebal.

Conditional Sentences adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan.
RUMUS UMUM:
Conditional 1. If + S + Present Tense, S + Future
Conditional 2. If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future
Conditional 3. If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect



SUMBER:

Tugas 1 Bahasa Inggris (softskill)

Unit 9
Text B (translate)

·         Bahasa Inggris
Elasticity  of supply, as a response to changes in price, is related to demand. Economists define ‘demand’ as a consumer’s desire or want, together with his willingness to pay for what he wants. We can say that demand is indicated by our willingness to offer money for particular goods or services. Money has no value in itself, but serves as a means of exchange between commodities which do have a value to us.

People very seldom have everything they want. Usually we have to decide carefully how we spend our income. When we exercise our choice, we do so according to our personal scale of preferences. In this scale of preferences essential commodities come first (food, clothing, shelter, medical expenses etc.), then the kind of luxuries which help us to be comfortable (telephone, special furniture, insurance etc.), and finally those non-essentials which give us personal pleasure (holidays, parties, visits to theatres or concerts, chocolates etc.). They may all seem important, but their true importance can be measured by deciding which we are prepared to live without. Our decisions indicate our scale of preferences and therefore our priorities.

Elasticity of demand is a measure of the change in the quantity of a good, in response to demand. The change in demand results from a change in price. Demand is inelastic when a good is regarded as a basic necessity, but particularly elastic for non-essential commodities. Accordingly, we buy basic necessities even if the prices rise steeply, but we buy other things only when they are relatively cheap.

·         Bahasa Indonesia
Elastisitas penawaran, sebagai respon terhadap perubahan harga, terkait dengan permintaan. Ekonom mendefinisikan ‘permintaan’ sebagai keinginan konsumen atau ingin, bersama dengan kesediaannya untuk membayar apa yang ia inginkan. Kita dapat mengatakan permintaan yang ditandai dengan kesediaan kita untuk menawarkan uang untuk barang atau jasa tertentu. Uang tidak memiliki nilai dalam dirinya sendiri, tetapi berfungsi sebagai sarana pertukaran antara komoditas yang memiliki nilai untuk kita.

Orang yang sangat jarang memiliki segala sesuatu yang mereka inginkan. Biasanya kita harus memutuskan dengan hati-hati bagaimana kiya membelanjakan penghasilan kita. Ketika kita menjalankan pilihan kita, kita melakukannya sesuai dengan skala preferensi pribadi kita. Dalam skala preferensi komoditas penting datang terlebih dahulu (makanan, pakaian, tempat tinggal, biaya pengobatan dll), maka jenis kemewahan yang membantu kita untuk menjadi nyaman (telepon, furniture khusus, asuransi dll), dan akhirnya orang-orang non-esensial yang memberikan kita kesenangan pribadi (libur, pihak, kunjungan ke teater atau konser, coklat dll). Mereka semua mungkin tampak penting, tetapi pentingnya mereka yang sesungguhnya dapat diukur dengan memutuskan mana kita siap untuk hidup tanpa. Keputusan kami menunjukkan skala kami preferensi dan karena itu prioritas kami.

Elastisitas permintaan adalah ukuran dari perubahan dalam kuantitas yang baik, sebagai tanggapan terhadap permintaan. Perubahan dalam hasil permintaan dari perubahan harga. Permintaan tidak elastis saat baik adalah dianggap sebagai suatu kebutuhan dasar, tetapi terutama elastis untuk komoditas non-esensial. Oleh karena itu, kita membeli kebutuhan pokok meskipun harga naik tajam, tapi kita membeli hal-hal lain hanya ketika mereka relatif murah.